Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing seminar topic abstract :

The history of computer technology has involved a sequence of changes
from one type of physical realisation to another --- from gears to relays to valves
to transistors to integrated circuits and so on. Today's advanced lithographic
techniques can squeeze fraction of micron wide logic gates and wires onto the
surface of silicon chips. Soon they will yield even smaller parts and inevitably
reach a point where logic gates are so small that they are made out of only a
handful of atoms; i.e. the size of the logic gates become comparable to the size of
atoms.

 On the atomic scale matter obeys the rules of quantum mechanics, which
are quite different from the classical rules that determine the properties of
conventional logic gates. So if computers are to become smaller in the future, new,
quantum technology must replace or supplement what we have now. The point is,
however, that quantum technology can offer much more than cramming more and
more bits to silicon and multiplying the clock-speed of microprocessors. It can support entirely new kind of computation with qualitatively new algorithms based
on quantum principles!
The story of quantum computation started as early as 1982, when the
physicist Richard Feynman considered simulation of quantum-mechanical objects
by other quantum systems. However, the unusual power of quantum computation
was not really anticipated until the 1985 when David Deutsch of the University of Oxford published a crucial theoretical paper in which he described a universal
quantum computer. After the Deutsch paper, the hunt was on for something
interesting for quantum computers to do. At the time all that could be found were a
few rather contrived mathematical problems and the whole issue of quantum
computation seemed little more than an academic curiosity. It all changed rather
suddenly in 1994 when Peter Shor from AT&T's Bell Laboratories in New Jersey
devised the first quantum algorithm that, in principle, can perform efficient
factorization. This became a `killer application' --- something very useful that only
a quantum computer could do.

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Real-time systems

 Real-time systems :Seminar topic Abstract

Real-time systems play a considerable role in our society, and they cover a spectrum from the very simple to the very complex. Examples of current real-time systems include the control of domestic appliances like washing machines and televisions, the control of automobile engines, telecommunication switching systems, military command and control
systems, industrial process control, flight control systems, and space shuttle and aircraft avionics. All of these involve gathering data from the environment, processing of gathered data, and providing timely response. A concept of time is the distinguishing issue between real-time and non-real-time systems. When a usual design goal for non-real-time systems is to maximize system's throughput, the goal for real-time system design is to guarantee, that all tasks are processed within a given time. The taxonomy of time introduces special
aspects for real-time system research. Real-time operating systems are an integral part of real-time systems. Future systems will be much larger, more widely distributed, and
will be expected to perform  a  constantly  changing  set  of  duties  in dynamic  environments. This also sets more requirements for future real-time operating systems.

                                    This seminar has the humble aim to convey the main ideas on
Real Time System and Real Time Operating System design and implementation.
      
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Quadrics interconnection network (QsNet)

 Quadrics  interconnection  network  (QsNet)   Computer seminar topic abstract :

  The  Quadrics  interconnection  network  (QsNet)  contributes  two  novel
innovations to the field of high-performance interconnects:  (1) integration of the virtual-
address spaces of individual nodes into a single, global, virtual-address space and
(2)network fault tolerance via link-level and end-to-end protocols that can detect faults
and automatically re-transmit packets. QsNet achieves these feats by extending the native
operating system in the nodes with a network operating system and specialized hardware
support in the network interface. As these and other   important features of QsNet can be
found in the InfiniBand specification, QsNet can be viewed as a precursor to InfiniBand.
                                     Here, we present an initial performance evaluation of QsNet. We
first describe the main hardware and software features of QsNet, followed by the results
of benchmarks that we ran on our experimental, Intel based, Linux cluster built around
QsNet. Our initial analysis indicates that Net performs remarkably well, e.g., user-level
latency under 2s and bandwidth over 300 MB/s.
High performance computing (HPC) has come of age. No longer is it the preserve of
computer scientists in research labs, plugging together printed circuit boards and writing
new flavours of parallel operating systems. HPC is a stable, mature technology, an
enabling technology for an ever increasing number of scientists and researchers wishing
to build and run computational models in their own particular disciplines. HPC has
finally delivered on its promises.
            Here  we take a look at the current state of high performance computing from the
perspective of the European user community, and assess the needs and aspirations of this
community in terms of where HPC might be going, and where, perhaps, it should be
going. We aim to capture a snapshot of HPC activities, from the technology itself through
related services to the direct views of its European user base, and attempt to draw the
whole together into some form of roadmap for large scale computing in the twenty-first
century .

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LIGHT TREE

 LIGHT TREE electronics and computer seminar topic : Abstract .

The concept of LIGHT TREE is introduced in a wavelength routed optical
network, which employs Wavelength Division Multiplexing. It enables a single hop
communication between a source node and a set of destination nodes. Thus a light tree
based virtual topology can significantly reduce the hop distance and thereby increasing
the network throughput.
We refer LIGHT TREE as a point to multipoint extension of light path. There
arises the capability of an optical multicasting. In multicast traffic, the multicast
addresses are not assigned to individual machines on the network, instead, when a data
string is sent, if the user wants data, the users machine receives the data stream; if not the
users machine can ignores it.
Moreover, in the future, as multicast applications become more and more popular
and bandwidth-intensity, there emerge a pressing need to provide multicast support on
WANs .A LIGHT TREE based broadcast layer may provide an efficient transport
mechanism for such multicast applications .

   Today, there is a general consensus that, in the near future, wide area
networks (WAN)(such as, a nation wide backbone network) will be based on Wavelength
Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical networks. One of the main advantages of a WDM
WAN over other optical technologies, such as, Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) optical
networks, is that it allows us to exploit the enormous bandwidth of an optical fiber (up to
50 terabits bits per second) with requiring electronic devices, which operate at extremely
high speeds.
The concept of light tree is introduced in a wavelength routed optical network, which
employs wavelength -division multiplexing (WDM).
Depending on the underlying physical topology networks can be classified into three
generations:
First Generation: these networks do not employ fiber optic technology; instead they
employ copper-based or microwave technology. E.g. Ethernet.
Second Generation: these networks use optical fibers for data transmission but switching
is performed in electronic domain. E.g. FDDI.
Third Generation: in these networks both data transmission and switching is performed in
optical domain. E.g. WDM.
WDM wide area networks employ tunable lasers and filters at access nodes and
optical/electronic switches at routing nodes. An access node may transmit signals on
different wavelengths, which are coupled into the fiber using wavelength multiplexers.
An optical signal passing through an optical wavelength-routing switch (WRS) may be
routed from an output fiber without undergoing opto-electronic conversion.

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SALT (Speech Application Language Tags)

  SALT (Speech Application Language Tags) :Seminar Topic

Advances  in  several  fundamental  technologies  are  making  possible  mobile
computing platforms of unprecedented power. In the speech and voice technology
business fields SALT has been introduced as a new tool. SALT supplies a critical missing
component, facilitating intuitive speech-based interfaces that anyone can master. Verizon
Wireless has joined the SALT Forum to make speech applications more accessible to
wireless customers. The SALT specification defines a set of lightweight tags as
extensions to commonly used Web-based programming languages, strengthened by
incorporating existing standards from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the
Internet Engineering Task Force. In multimodal applications, the tags can be added to
support speech input and output either as standalone events or jointly with other interface
options such as speaking while pointing to the screen with a stylus. In telephony
applications, the tags provide a programming interface to manage the speech recognition
and text-to-speech resources needed to conduct interactive dialogs with the caller through
a speech-only interface.


What is SALT ??

    SALT  is a speech  interface markup  language. SALT (Speech Application
Language Tags) is an extension of HTML and other markup languages (HTML,
XHTML, WML) that adds a powerful speech interface to Web pages, while maintaining
and leveraging all the advantages of the Web application   model. These tags are designed
to be used for both voice-only browsers (for example, a browser accessed over the
telephone) and multimodal browsers. SALT (Speech Application Language Tags) is a
small set of XML elements, with associated attributes and DOM object properties,
events, and methods, which may be used in conjunction with a source markup document
to apply a speech interface to the source page. The SALT formalism and semantics are
independent of the nature of the source document, so SALT can be used equally
effectively within HTML and all its flavors, or with WML, or with any other SGML-
derived markup. SALT targets speech applications across a wide range of devices
including telephones, PDAs, tablet computers and desktop PCs. As all these devices have
different methods of inputting data SALT has taken this also into consideration. SALT
provides a multimodel access in which users will be able to interact with an application in
a variety of ways: input with speech, a keyboard, keypad, mouse and/or stylus; and
output  as synthesized speech, audio, plain  text,  motion video and/ or graphics. Each of
these modes could be used independently or concurrently. For example, a user might
click on a flight info icon on a device and say “Show me the flights from San Francisco
to Boston after 7 p.m. on Saturday” and have the browser display a Web page with the
corresponding flights.

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Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) :Computer seminar topic 

Prosperity, and even survival, for small businesses depends as never before on the ability
to respond with speed and certainty to the challenges and opportunities that are presented
by competitors and customers. Electronic Commerce provides an opportunity to increase
competitive edge and consolidate and enhance both business to business and business to
consumer trading relationships.
In the current competitive & fast moving world of  E-commerce & Electronic data transfer , comes a highly relevant , yet , under-utilised system of data
exchange –the Electronic Data Interchange , or  the EDI.
   In  short , Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-
computer exchange of business information using a public standard. EDI is a central part
of Electronic Commerce (EC), because it enables businesses to exchange business
information electronically much faster, cheaper and more accurately than is possible
using paper-based systems.


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Virtual Private Network (VPN)

 Virtual Private Network (VPN) : Seminar topic abstract .   

    

            Based  on  internet  technology,  intranets  are  becoming  an  essential
part of corporate information systems today. However, internets were not originally
designed with businesses in mind. It lacks the technology required for secure
business transactions and communications. A challenge therefore arises for
businesses with intranet, i.e. how to establish and maintain trust in an environment
which was originally designed for open access to information. More specifically, a
way has to be found to secure an intranet without impinging on its inherent benefits
of flexibility, interoperability and ease of use.
                        Unlike  traditional VPNs  that  offer  limited  or  inflexible  security,  a
dynamic VPN provide both high levels of security and, equally important, the
flexibility to accommodate dynamically changing groups of users and information
needs. Our dynamic VPN can provide this flexibility based on a unique agent-based
architecture as well as other features.
                       Because  information can now be made  available  in  such a  flexible
and fine-grained fashion, a company’s files, documents or data that had to locked in
the past can now be accessed in either whole or in part to carefully selected groups
of users in precisely determined ways. As a result, a dynamic VPN is an intranet
enabler. It enables an intranet to offer more services and services than it could
otherwise, thereby allowing the business to make more use of its information resources.

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